A molecular clock is actually an estimation method. It is used to approximate the time taken for major evolutionary events to take place based on the changes in the orthologous genes (genes that are passed by vertical descent).
In making the estimation, the molecular clock assumes that the genes used are all evolving at the same rate.
The process is not entirely safe and accurate. Despite being genetically identical with each other, clones will not be the same regarding behavioral attributes. ...
It is regarded as unethical, and the probability of abuse is very high. ...
Plant cells have a cell wall, but animals cells do not. Cell walls provide support and give shape to plants. Plant cells have chloroplasts, but animal cells do not. ... Plant cells usually have one or more large vacuole(s), while animal cells have smaller vacuoles, if any are present.
