1answer.
Ask question
Login Signup
Ask question
All categories
  • English
  • Mathematics
  • Social Studies
  • Business
  • History
  • Health
  • Geography
  • Biology
  • Physics
  • Chemistry
  • Computers and Technology
  • Arts
  • World Languages
  • Spanish
  • French
  • German
  • Advanced Placement (AP)
  • SAT
  • Medicine
  • Law
  • Engineering
Sedaia [141]
3 years ago
15

Gastric juice does not typically cause a burning sensation within the stomach. But reflux of gastric juice into the esophagus ca

n cause a burning sensation. One reason for the burning sensation caused by the gastric reflux is that the esophagus ______.
secretes mucus that is not identical to stomach mucus
is internally lined by epithelial cells that are in direct physical contact with the contents of the esophagus
has enzymes that react with stomach acid to cause a burning sensation
none of the listed responses is correct
Biology
1 answer:
klio [65]3 years ago
8 0

Answer:

None of the listed answers is correct

Explanation:

During normal digestion,  the esophagus  which is a muscle ring called the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) opens to allow food to pass into the stomach and then quickly closes to prevent backflow into the esophagus. When the LES has a malfunction, contents from the stomach, including food and digestive juices, such as hydrochloric acid, can push up into the esophagus creating gastric acid.

You might be interested in
Are viral infections curable? Why or why not?
Anna11 [10]

Answer:

no.

Explanation:

Viruses, on the other hand, are not cellular. We can't kill them simply by disrupting their cells. They are infective nucleic acids which cannot replicate outside of living cells. They must invade a human cell to reproduce, because they cannot produce energy or synthesize molecules on their own. Some viruses replicate inside human cells and then bud off from the human cell inside an "envelope" made from the human cell's own membrane, which helps them evade the immune system on their way to infecting another human cell. Many viruses are protected by protein capsids, which are extremely protective--unlike a bacterial cell wall or membrane, the virus doesn't have to be alive inside the capsid or exchange nutrients and waste with the environment across the capsid; the capsid is merely there to protect the nucleic acid of the virus.

Viruses need to match some sort of receptor in order to gain entry into human cells, and in some viruses, this receptor is one of the few good targets for drug therapy; however, unlike antibacterials, the drug will only work for that particular virus/receptor, because each virus uses a different receptor.

Viruses spend time inside human cells, which protects any outer antigens from some of the aspects of the immune system. There are times when viruses are especially vulnerable during replication, but there are reasons they are harder than bacteria to target with these antireplication drugs: 1) unlike for most bacteria, the drugs need to be small enough to enter the human cell where the virus is replicating, 2) unlike for most bacteria, the drugs can't simply target a protein shared by most viruses; furthermore, many viruses hijack human proteins which cannot be targeted. Overall, there are comparatively few antiviral drugs compared to antibiotics because of the huge difficulty in obtaining selective toxicity. And 3) most drugs available target a certain step of viral replication for a certain family of viruses; however, by the time the patient shows symptoms, the virus has already created countless copies of itself or become latent in human cells, and at that point it is too late for most of the antiviral drugs to be super helpful since they target the replication itself. Even when a good antiviral drug is developed, most of them work only against a single species (or at best, a family) of viruses, which is not the case for most antibiotics.

Many viruses don't spread in ways where they can easily targeted (Polio moves from the GI tract to lymph nodes and then to the blood stream on it's way to the spinal cord to cause paralysis; it is vulnerable to the immune system in vaccinated individuals while it is forced to travel in the blood. In contrast, some viruses like rabies, herpes, and varicella-zoster spread through neurons in order to evade the immune system. Other viruses form syncytia because they travel directly from cell to cell). Also remember that some viruses integrate themselves into human DNA and remain latent for long periods of time, which prevents them from being cleared by drugs or the immune system. The human immune system does have its ways of dealing with viruses, which I can get into in greater detail in another post. For certain viruses, the only way we have to treat them is to use interferons to ramp up the immune system (a very unpleasant therapy which must often be maintained for very long periods of time).

One of the reasons that vaccines for some viruses are not effective is that oftentimes, a live (attenuated) vaccine cannot be made for those certain viruses since the reversion mutation rate is too high to provide an acceptable risk; for many viruses, only killed strains can be used, if at all. Without a live attenuated virus strain multiplying inside cells, certain critical aspects of the immune system are not activated against these certain viruses. In cases where killed viruses are able to be used as vaccines, the protection is lesser (for instance, no type-switching to IgA antibodies which would be more effective than IgM) and shorter-lived.

7 0
2 years ago
Read 2 more answers
The location of the Krebs cycle enzymes in eukaryotes is in the mitochondria, while in bacteria the enzymes are found in the ___
kherson [118]

Answer:

cytoplasm

Explanation:

Bacteria as a prokaryotic cell and prokaryotic cells do not have true nucleus or membrane bounded organelles. Therefore all biological activities takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell as well as the enzymes needed for the synthesis of fatty acid are found in the cytoplasm.

5 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
Cell cycle checkpoints are an important feature of a dividing cell to reduce errors that can occur in various stages of the cell
saveliy_v [14]

Loss of Rb, an important part of the G1-S transition checkpoint, can result in uncontrolled cell cycle progression and cancer. All of the following would mimic loss of Rb except constitutively active Ras GTPase activating protein. Correct answer: letter E.

Constitutively active Ras GTPase activating protein would not mimic loss of Rb, because it would not directly result in uncontrolled cell cycle progression.

<h3>What is Retinoblastoma (RB)?</h3>

Rb is an important tumor suppressor protein that works to inhibit cell cycle progression by preventing the activation of E2F transcription factors. Constitutively active Ras GTPase activating protein would not directly interfere with the Rb-E2F pathway, which is necessary for uncontrolled cell cycle progression and cancer.

Learn more about the cell cycle:

brainly.com/question/2457509

#SPJ4

4 0
10 months ago
PLEASE HELP ASAP (FINAL)
Alona [7]

Answer:

to have symmetry on your body from side

to side

4 0
1 year ago
The template strand of part of a gene has the base sequence TGAGAAGACCAGGGTTGT. What is the sequence of RNA transcribed from thi
Klio2033 [76]

Answer:

The answer to your question is ACUCTTCUGGUCCCAACA

Explanation:

Base sequence

                         TGAGAAGACCAGGGTTGT

Nitrogenous bases change from DNA to RNA

                   DNA                      RNA

                      Adenine                 Uracil

                      Thymine                  Adenine

                      Guanine                 Cytosine

                      Cytosine                 Guanine

Then from left to right, the new sequence the RNA is

                       

                           ACUCTTCUGGUCCCAACA

                         

3 0
3 years ago
Other questions:
  • The classification system developed by Linnaeus in the early 1700s divided living organisms into plant and animal kingdoms. Toda
    10·2 answers
  • What information do fossils provide about the history of organisms on Earth
    6·1 answer
  • Which of the following objects is the most likely to be magnetc?
    6·1 answer
  • What acts as the template in dna replication ​
    6·2 answers
  • What is the relationship between the average annual income of a country's citizens and the its consumption of energy? Direct, en
    13·1 answer
  • What happens to the kinetic energy of a snowball as it rolls across the lawn and gains mass.
    8·2 answers
  • At which time has the turtle population reached the carrying capacituy of the pond
    7·2 answers
  • When plasma Ca concentration decreases... 1. Parathyroid hormone level increases 2. Parathyroid hormone level decreases 3. Ca an
    13·1 answer
  • Should we clone animals that are going or have gone extinct (in other words bring them back
    9·2 answers
  • 1. How much confidence would you have in the conclusion of experiment 3 if you found out that the temperature was not controlled
    5·1 answer
Add answer
Login
Not registered? Fast signup
Signup
Login Signup
Ask question!