R, S, and T always have the same percentage composition, while X, Y, and Z always have the same percentage composition. Chargaff's rule is then a viable theory that can be used in this situation.
- The DNA of any species of any organism must have a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio of the purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, according to Chargaff's principles.
- More specifically, the ratio of guanine and adenine to cytosine and thymine must be the same. This pattern is present in both the strands of the DNA.
- The formula comes as A + G = T + C = 1
- In this universe there are six base pairs R,S,T,X,Y and Z. composition of R,S and T is always same thus these can be considered the purines.
- The percentage composition of X,Y and Z is always the same thus these can be considered the pyrimidines.
- applying Chargaff's rule to these bases:
R + S + T = X + Y + Z
= 1:1
Thus, the nucleic acid will contain six base pairs where bonds are formed between RX, SY and TZ.
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Most protists are unicellular. You may be wondering why those protists are not classified in the Archaebacteria or Eubacteria kingdoms. It is because, unlike bacteria, protists are complex cells.
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Among these three main types of archaea are some subtypes, which include: Methanogens — archaeans that produce methane gas as a waste product of their "digestion," or process of making energy. Halophiles — those archaeans that live in salty environments.
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Oncogenes are most like the gas pedal on a car, while tumor suppressor genes are most like the brakes on a car. Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are mutated in cancer cells.
Oncogenes are genes overexpressed in cells in which they should not be expressed, thereby leading to cancer.
Some examples of oncogenes are growth factors such as, for example, the Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or Epidermal growth factor (EGF).
Conversely, tumor suppressor genes are genes that act to regulate cell division and replication, thereby their inactivation also leads to cancer.
A well-known example of a tumor suppressor gene is the p53 gene that acts to control cell division and apoptosis (programmed cell death).
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