Answer: a, Germanic kingdoms eventually gave power back to the Romans
Your answer will be definitely A. cultural diffusion <span />
"<span>They wanted to establish an independent nation" was not a reason why </span>Europeans undertook sea explorations in the Northwest, since they were working for their homelands.
A form of capitalism at its early form and the colonial powers didnt tax their colonies as much so the colonies could seem attractive the the populated europe and so business could grow