Sublimation is the process of a solid turning into a gas without becoming a liquid in the process. The particles must quickly spread out from the condensed solid to a spread out gas. This can be achieved by applying a lot of heat at once to vaporize the solid.
The elements that have the same valence are, mainly, in the same principal groups (principal columns) of the periodic table.
The principal columns are 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18.
For example:
1) the elements with valence 1+ are in the first column:H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr.
2) The elements with valence 2+ are in the second column: Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra.
3) The elements with valence 2- are in the column 16: O, S, Se, Te, Pb
But also those elements may have other valences: S, Se and Te, have also valences 2, 4 and 6. And Pb have valences 2 and 4.
4) The elements with valences 1-, 1, 3, 5 and 7 are in the column 17: Cl, Br, I, At.
F, the first element of group 16, has valence 1- and 1+
Answer:
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