Answer:
Cell-mediated immunity develops through a network of interactions that results in defense against microorganisms that survive within phagocytes or other cells. The response is initiated by the recognition of intracellular microorganism antigen by T cells through the histocompatibility complex. In the CD8 response, only the target cell carrying the class I associated antigen can be lysed or induced to apoptosis. In another mechanism of the cellular response, CD4 + Th1 T cells activate, for example, cytokine-infected macrophages such as IFN. When a pathogen resists the effects of activated macrophages, chronic infection may develop.
The hormonal immunity response leads to the destruction of extracellular microorganisms and prevents or decreases the spread of intracellular cells by neutralizing, opsonizing and activating the complement system.
Answer:
C. disruptive natural selection
Explanation:
Disruptive selection is a type of natural selection in which extreme phenotypes are favored over intermediate phenotypes in a population. Environmental change is a major factor that can bring about disruptive selection. The individuals with the extreme phenotypes adapt well and are able to survive in the particular environment, while those individuals with intermediate phenotypes would hardly survive or be greatly reduced in number.
The gray rock outcrops and the brown soils of the Island favors the survival of mice with brown and gray fur color respectively. The fur colors of these two extreme phenotypes in the population of mice, have helped both varieties against Hawks as their main predators, hence establishing their existence on the Island.
1. B<span>. oxygen because its a reactant
2. I</span><span>ts c aerobic respiration produces more ATP molecules than anaerobic fermentation.
3. I</span>t is used to produce glucose molecules
The supercontinent Pangaea began to break apart approximately 175 million years ago.
