The center portion of each intervertebral disc is a filled with a gel-like elastic substance. Together with the annulus fibrosis, the nucleus pulposus transmits stress and weight from vertebra to vertebra.
Answer:
Molecular genetic approaches to the study of plant metabolism can be traced back to the isolation of the first cDNA encoding a plant enzyme (Bedbrook et al., 1980), the use of the Agrobacterium Ti plasmid to introduce foreign DNA into plant cells (Hernalsteens et al., 1980) and the establishment of routine plant transformation systems (Bevan, 1984; Horsch et al., 1985). It became possible to express foreign genes in plants and potentially to overexpress plant genes using cDNAs linked to strong promoters, with the aim of modifying metabolism. However, the discovery of the antisense phenomenon of plant gene silencing (van der Krol et al., 1988; Smith et al., 1988), and subsequently co‐suppression (Napoli et al., 1990; van der Krol et al., 1990), provided the most powerful and widely‐used methods for investigating the roles of specific enzymes in metabolism and plant growth. The antisense or co‐supression of gene expression, collectively known as post‐transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), has been particularly versatile and powerful in studies of plant metabolism. With such molecular tools in place, plant metabolism became accessible to investigation and manipulation through genetic modification and dramatic progress was made in subsequent years (Stitt and Sonnewald, 1995; Herbers and Sonnewald, 1996), particularly in studies of solanaceous species (Frommer and Sonnewald, 1995).
Answer:
Excretion is a process in which metabolic waste is eliminated from an organism. In vertebrates this is primarily carried out by the lungs, kidneys, and skin.
Carbon dioxide
The liver regulates most chemical levels in the blood and excretes a product called bile. This helps carry away waste products from the liver. All the blood leaving the stomach and intestines passes through the liver. The liver processes this blood and breaks down, balances, and creates the nutrients and also metabolizes drugs into forms that are easier to use for the rest of the body or that are nontoxic.
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The cell membranes begin to come apart when there is insufficient water around the cells. The cytoplasm of the cells becomes more concentrated, which slowly poisons the cells. The cell walls become brittle as they dry out, and some of them collapse. The central vacuoles in the cells lose water and can no longer help support the cells.
The central vacuoles in the cells lose water and can no longer help support the cells
Answer:
Edaphon, Leaf litter and earthworm
Explanation:
- Edaphon is the general term used to reffer to the animals and plants present in the soil.
- On the other hand, there is not only one name for the fallen leaves on the forest floor. It could be either plant litter, leaf litter or even tree littler. Although the name suggests it is only leaves, this <u>plant litter</u> could include leaves, barks and twigs that can fall off a tree.
- The edaphon its made up of thousands of organisms including a huge number of bacteria, fungi, and arthropods. A good example of organisms living in the soil is an earthworm. Earthworms crawl through the soil feeding from it, digesting part of the organic material and fertilizing it with their excrement.
