Seeing a judge and requesting a release.
Habeaus corpus allows a person to request the right to see judge and request release from prison. Essentially in America it give a person protection under the Fifth and Sixth Amendments.
In the case described above, enemies of war had historically not be granted the rights of habeaus corpus and/or the protection of the Fifth and Sixth Amendments. In recent years, the view has changed with humanitarian rights organizations suggesting that any person arrested under the US system should be provided the US rights for imprisonment, trial, and court. This suggests that even enemies of the state must be allowed an opportunity to see a judge or go through court proceedings.
Umayyad Caliphs managed to expand their empire because the Byzantine and Persian empires were weak.
