It would be difficult and near impossible to see this as a single phenomenon and for it not to be seen as part of a broader process of colonization and imperialism at the time. However, one distinct feature of the colonies in North America was that there was massive migration of Europeans to these colonies whereas in other colonies at the time the migration was not as substantial.
The correct answer is reduce its army and navy
Suprisingly the answer is B. This is the United States primary defense on any missile based attack, even against ICBM's (although not to effective). A perfect example of this type of combat defense is what Israel does, they have actually perfected it.
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Equity-efficiency tradeoff results when maximizing the productive efficiency of a market leads to a reduction in its equity—as in how equitably its wealth is distributed.