The nurse should obtain the specimen from the catheter.
One of the tests from urinalysis that frequently got contaminated is about infection. The area near the orificium of uretra is near the skin, so there will be microbes around it that can contaminate the sample. The contaminated sample will give a false positive and the result will show the urine are infected.
Taking the specimen from catheter will prevent that contamination, thus giving a better sample.
True. Some bacterial cells are resistant to a variety of antimicrobials because they actively pump the drugs out of the cell.
A significant resistance mechanism in Gram-negative bacteria is drug efflux. It expel solutes from the cell. Antimicrobials and metabolites are just a few of the hazardous compounds that Efflux pumps help bacteria remove from their interior environments so they can regulate it.
The main efflux systems in Gram-negative bacteria are members of the RND superfamily and typically consist of an outer membrane protein channel, a periplasmic protein, and a cytoplasmic membrane pump. The most common example is MFS (such as Bmr and Blt in Bacillus subtilis) and the ABC transporters.
Learn more about antimicrobials here:
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It is the human influence rather than natural influence, as the other definition I found is it's basically humans causing pollution in the environment. I hope this helps!
<span>alpha subunits bind to K+ channels, close them, leading to depolarization.</span>
B it could be used to help endangered species
