-John Wycliffe directly challenged the Church and clergy, calling out the luxury and privilege they indulged in and categorizing them as sinners. According to him, it only made sense that <u>the entire clergy should give up all their property and live in poverty to right their wrongs</u>. The Council of Constance made a declaration on May 4th of 1415 that marked Wycliffe as a heretic and banned his writings.
-Jan Hus also attacked religious institutions for their moral failings. His efforts were centered around denouncing the Church's ethical abuse, and he set the seeds for the Reformation movement to come. After his condemnation and death, his following had become so large that most of the Czech population of the Kingdom of Bohemia represented <u>a powerful military force, battling and winning several crusades and revolts</u>.
-Joan of Arc went from a French peasant to leading armies in some of the biggest battles against England in the Hundred Years War. From an early age, she claimed to have visions of angels and saints who guided her, supporting her beliefs against torture that any exceptional person no matter what level of society they come from, can receive a divine calling. She shared the same fate as the previous 2 figures, as she was also tried for heresy and ended up being burnt at the stake.
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The Allies had pushed the German occupying troops on the Italian peninsula farther and farther north. On June 4, U.S. Gen. Mark Clark had captured Rome. Now the Germans had dug in north of Florence. Built earlier in the year, this defensive line consisted of fortified towns, stretching from Pisa in the west to Pesaro in the east. One of these towns was Siena, home to much glorious medieval art—also home to the Italian partisans, guerillas who had been harassing the Germans and remnants of Italian fascists since Italy had surrendered. Their ability to create chaos and confusion behind the Germans’ own lines was of great aid to the Allies.
Expert strategic maneuvering by British General Harold Alexander, who opened his offensive on August 25, surprised the Germans, and the 8th Army swept through the Plain of Lombardy, crashing through the Gothic Line.
Citation Information
Article Title
The British cross the Gothic Line
Author
History.com Editors
Website Name
HISTORY
URL
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-british-cross-the-gothic-line
Access Date
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Publisher
A&E Television Networks
Last Updated
August 21, 2018
Original Published Date
November 16, 2009
TAGSWORLD WAR II
BY HISTORY.COM EDITORS
<span>people thought that because Francis Ferdinand's health was poor, the throne would go to his younger brother Otto</span>
