An important duty of the president is "negotiating treaties," since this duty falls to the executive branch, and the president is in charge of this branch (although this specific task is often delegated to the State Department).
The primary way in which the government encouraged settlement in the west was through the Homestead Act, which gave people free land--while the railroads allowed them to travel there safely.
I think the correct answer from the choices listed above is option C. The other development that the settlement need to be considered a civilization would be a complex social institutions. <span>A civilization is any complex society characterized by urban development, social stratification, symbolic communication forms, and a perceived separation from and domination over the natural environment by a cultural elite.</span>
Mexico refused to recognize the borders of Texas. I hope this helps!!
