Which of the following is produced by the immune system to identify foreign cells?

How do adrenaline help in dealing with emergency situations

tankabanditka [31]

Adrenaline helps in emergency situation by providing energy so that the major muscles of the body can respond to the perceived threat.
In danger, the brain then sends nerve impulses to the adrenal gland in the kidneys. When the nerve signal reaches the adrenal gland, chromaffin cells, in the medulla of the adrenal gland, release epinephrine or adrenaline. It then enters the bloodstream. It is thus carried around the body to cells in various locations, where it initiates several responses.
1. Adrenaline, along with another hormone called glucagon, is responsible for the breakdown of glycogen in liver cells. Glycogen is a form of energy storage. This gives energy to the muscles
2. Adrenaline effects the skin also. Restriction of the arteries is caused by the binding of epinephrine/adrenaline to some alpha-adrenergic receptors. This cuts off blood supply to the skin. This results in the contraction of the smooth muscle cells in the skin, which cause the raising of the hairs on the surface of the skin.
3. The lungs contain smooth muscle. Epinephrine causes smooth muscles to relax. Specifically, epinephrine binds to beta-2-adrenergic receptors on bronchiole muscle cells. This allows the bronchioles to relax, which enables intensified respiration.
4. Adrenaline binds to beta-adrenergic receptors on heart muscle cells. This causes the contraction rate of the heart to increase. This ultimately leads to increased blood supply to the tissues in the body.

3 0

4 years ago

Which mating of four-o'clock plants would produce progeny that were either green, variegated, or white

PilotLPTM [1.2K]

Answer:

variegated female x green male

Explanation:

The four o'clock (Mirabilis jalapa) plant is a common ornamental species of Mirabilis (clade Angiosperms, flowering plants) whose leaf pigmentation is a well-known case of maternal inheritance. Moreover, chloroplasts are organelles that have their own genome which follows a maternal inheritance pattern in the majority of plant and animal species because they are contained in the cytoplasm (i.e., chloroplast DNA is inherited only from the mother because only the maternal cytoplasm persists after fertilization). Thus, chloroplast DNA has an inheritance pattern that challenges Mendel's Laws of inheritance (i.e., distinct from nuclear DNA). In the case of the four o'clock plant, the genes responsible for leaf color are located in the chloroplast genome and therefore these genes are transmitted from the female parent to the progeny. In this case, the leaf variegation is caused by two different types of chloroplasts that are inherited from the mother: normal green chloroplasts and defective chloroplasts (without chlorophyll pigment).

6 0

3 years ago

Why are mimicry and camouflage and example of an adaptation?

Talja [164]

Answer: Both mimicry and camouflage can enable an organism to protect itself against predators.

Explanation: A Vietnamese mossy frog exhibiting camouflage. Mimicry and camouflage are both adaptations that animal and plant species exhibit for the purposes of protection from predators, prey, or to blend in with their environment.

3 0

3 years ago

Each body cell of a chimpanzee contains 48 chromosomes. After mitosis, how many chromosomes are present in each cell?

nekit [7.7K]

Answer:

During both mitosis and meiosis, DNA replicates first during S phase of interphase. Each copy (DNA molecule) is called chromatid. Before anaphase they remain together, joined by the centromere in the chromosome.

Part 1: How many chromatids and chromosomes are present at:

(a) anaphase of mitosis: During this phase sister chromatids split. We would have 48 chromosomes in each pole and 48 chromatides.

(b) anaphase I of meiosis: During this phase homologous chromosomes split, being a reductional division. In each pole we will have half the chromosomes we had after DNA replication. This is 24 chromosomes but 48 chromatides (remember they will split during anaphase II).

(c) anaphase II of meiosis: This is an equational division, we will have 24 chromosomes in each pole and 24 chromatides. Each chromatid is considered a chromosome.

(d) G1 prior to mitosis: During this phase DNA has not replicated yet and it is not condensed either. This formed is called chromatin. We will assign one chromatid for each chromosome. This is a somatic cell, so: 48 chromosomes and 48 chromatids.

(e) G2 prior to mitosis: After S phase, we have duplicated all chromosomes. We will assign two chromatids per chromosome: this is 96 chromatides and 48 chromosomes.

(f) G1 prior to meiosis: Before DNA duplication, 48 chromosomes, 48 chromatids.

(g) Prophase of meiosis I: After DNA replication, condensation of the chromatin takes place: 48 chromosomes, 96 chromatids.

Part 2: How many chromatids or chromosomes are present in:

(h) An oogonial cell prior to S phase: This is G1 phase, 48 chromosomes.

(i) A spermatide: This is the male haploid gametid, after meiosis: 24 chromosomes and 24 chromatids.

(j) A primary oocyte arrested prior to ovulation: They are arrested at prophase I of meiosis. This means their DNA is still duplicated and chromatides have not divided yet. 48 chromosomes and 96 chromatids.

(k) A secondary oocyte arrested prior to fertilization: They are halted at metaphase II of meiosis, meaning they have half the chromosomes (24) but chromatids are still together (48).

(l) A second polar body: They suffered the same process as the mature ovum but remained with little cytoplasm. They have 24 chromosomes and 24 chromatids.

(m) A chimpanzee sperm: They have completed both meiosis as well, they have 24 chromosomes and 24 chromatids.

Explanation:

7 0

3 years ago

Read 2 more answers

Answer is B

marusya05 [52]

Answer: what’s the question, you just said the answer was b

Explanation:

3 0

3 years ago