the answer is C.
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Encounters between European navigators, explorers, conquerors, colonizers, merchants, missionaries and "other" peoples and cultures over the course of 4 centuries. At an immediate and practical level, conquest, colonization and trade led to modes of domination or coexistence and multi-faceted transcultural relationships. In Europe, such encounters with "otherness" led to attempts to explain and interpret the origins and nature of racial and cultural (linguistic, religious and social) diversity. At the same time, observation of alien societies, cultures and religious practices broadened the debate on human social forms, leading to a critical reappraisal of European Christian civilization.
The Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act also worked to obtain similar results. When the newly founded Republican Party (the first real anti-slavery party) won its first election in 1860 with Abraham Lincoln, the South feared that the government would infringe on its rights and interests, which led to secession, and then the Civil War.
Most Jews lived as minorities because Jews remained united despite the the often severe treatment they faced in other lands, European Jews were ordered to leave Spain by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella in 1492
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