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Answer:
Nearly 12,500 women were transported to Van Diemen's Land, mostly for petty theft. This was roughly the same number as were sent to New South Wales. Two-thirds arrived after 1840, when transportation to New South Wales ceased. There were three phases of female transportation to Van Diemen's Land: exile or open prison (1803–13), assignment (1814–42), and probation (1843–53). In each, the numbers of convict women arriving in Van Diemen's Land increased, and they were subjected to more severe penal conditions.
From 1803 to 1813, about ninety convict women arrived. As the colonial population grew, so did the demand for female convict labour. Convict women were employed in domestic service, washing and on government farms, and were expected to find their own food and lodging. Punishment for those who transgressed was humiliating and public. Exile itself was considered a catalyst for reform. Economic and social opportunities allowed significantly improved circumstances for some convict women, while others struggled.
During the second period, from 1814 to 1842, just over 5400 female convicts arrived. In 1840, the number increased significantly when transportation to New South Wales ceased, and all female convicts were shipped to Van Diemen's Land. In this second period, transportation of convict women was characterised by the development of clearly articulated policies with an unequivocal economic and moral focus. Convict women were assigned as domestic labour, and were encouraged to reform though a system of rewards and indulgences, such as the ticket-of-leave, which permitted the holder to work for any employer for wages and to choose her own residence.
Answer: The two most important pieces of legislation passed under the Articles of Confederation were the Land Ordinance Act of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance. These legislations provided the basis for the rest of American continental expansion through the 19th Century. Congress did not have the power to raise revenue by direct taxation of the inhabitants of the United States, so it raised money through the sale of land in the largely unmapped territory west of the original states. To procure orderly and peaceful occupation, the land came under the rectangular survey, which provided easily recognized land descriptions. The Northwest Ordinance established the precedent by which the United States would expand westward across North America by the admission of new states rather than by expanding existing ones. It also prohibited slavery in the territory.
Explanation:
A. the townshend acts were more broad and less direct, where the stamp act put a direct tax on postage
