Huge! Almost all ‘modern’ thoughts in philosophy, politics, even science can be found in Judaism.
Judaism promoted the concept of one G-d belief first. The very notion of having one G-d demanded people to look at the world as complicated but by the very nature of having one creator the world has commonality in its physical, spiritual, emotional, and philosophical nature.
Judaism was the first in promoting equal rights (though recognizing each as different) for women and men, kindness to orphans, widows, those who are strangers in a strange land, to animals, to one’s neighbor to the poor. The golden rule is a Jewish concept. Judaism was the first promoter of a fair court of law based on justice (and not on wealth, strength, and other arbitrary reasons). Even Democracy was discussed in the Talmud. As well as the sun as the center of our universe, very precise knowledge of the moon’s days, eclipses, and other astrological understandings. In the Talmud there are many discussions that people would think is totally modern such as artificial insemination, washing of hands before eating, knowing about leaving the land to recover from overuse, inventing the weekend, the 7 day week, the 12 month calendar, to knowing when the sun is expected each morning.
It would be hard to find anything that we hold dear in today’s society and not find it in Judaism first.
Found this on quora here: https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-social-impact-of-Judaism-on-society
