Natural defenses, and floods.
Margarine and butter are examples of substitutes.
To my mind the answer is Karma. according to those who believe in karma, this has implications beyond this life. Bad actions in a previous life can follow a person into their next life and cause bad effects. In other words, our past actions affect us, either positively or negatively, and our present actions will affect us in the future alike.
Buddhism is the religion which strongly believe in this force created by a person's actions called karma.
