Answer: It increased exposure to Western culture.
Explanation:
The way that openness directly affect Chinese culture was that it increased the exposure to Western culture.
Through openess, Chinese interacted and communicated with people form other cultures despite the cultural differences.
This is vital in the building of relationships with others from different ethnic groups, national origin etc. This brought about the exposure to the Western culture.
Answer: Germany, Italy, and Japan.
I believe it summarizes the main ideas of this essay
