The Columbian Exchange greatly affected almost every society on earth, bringing destructive diseases that depopulated many cultures, and also circulating a wide variety of new crops and livestock that, in the long term, increased rather than diminished the world human population:)
Modern-day Beijing became the capital of China after the mongols took over China.
Plantation was economies was not established in C) Europe.
The United States often uses sanctions to impose a penalty on a country. This is usually the first step taken when a country upsets another country, before violence is used.