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The history of socialism has its origins in the 1789 French Revolution and the changes which it brought, although it has precedents in earlier movements and ideas. The Communist Manifesto was written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848 just before the Revolutions of 1848 swept Europe, expressing what they termed scientific socialism. In the last third of the 19th century, social democratic parties arose in Europe, drawing mainly from Marxism. The Australian Labor Party was the world's first elected socialist party when it formed government in the Colony of Queensland for a week in 1899.[1]
In the first half of the 20th century, the Soviet Union and the communist parties of the Third International around the world mainly came to represent socialism in terms of the Soviet model of economic development and the creation of centrally planned economies directed by a state that owns all the means of production, although other trends condemned what they saw as the lack of democracy. In the United Kingdom, Herbert Morrison said that "socialism is what the Labour government does" whereas Aneurin Bevan argued that socialism requires that the "main streams of economic activity are brought under public direction", with an economic plan and workers' democracy.[2] Some argued that capitalism had been abolished.[3] Socialist governments established the mixed economy with partial nationalisations and social welfare.
By 1968, the prolonged Vietnam War (1959–1975) gave rise to the New Left, socialists who tended to be critical of the Soviet Union and social democracy. Anarcho-syndicalists and some elements of the New Left and others favoured decentralised collective ownership in the form of cooperatives or workers' councils. Socialists have also adopted the causes of other social movements such as environmentalism, feminism and progressivism.[4] At the turn of the 21st century in Latin America, Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez championed what he termed socialism of the 21st century, which included a policy of nationalisation of national assets such as oil, anti-imperialism and termed himself a Trotskyist supporting permanent revolution.[5]
Answer:
c) great britian taxed the colonies but did not allow them to participate in politics
Explanation:
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England is a constitutional monarchy (with Queen Elizabeth II as head of state) and a parliamentary democracy (with parliament as the legislative organ).
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the draft
Explanation:
use of the draft was a good way to require assistance in time of war
The three groups who used the site for religious purposes were:
- the Gauls
- the Romans
- the Christians
Before the Notre Dame Cathedral was built at the order of the Bishop of Paris, Maurice de Sully, there were other structures on the site belonging to other groups of people which were:
- Gauls - Gauls used to live in France during Roman times and they built a temple to Jupitar after they were conquered by the Romans.
- Romans - Romans worshipped Jupitar and so would come to the temple built by the Gauls to worship. As many Gauls received Roman citizenship, they were called Romans as well.
- Christians - before the Notre Dame was built, there was a church on the site called, the Cathedral of Saint Étienne. It was smaller than the Notre Dame Cathedral but used by Christians to worship.
In conclusion, the Notre Dame Cathedral is a huge symbol in France and represents a wonderful feat of architecture. It was however built on land that had other purposes before it.
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