Commercial logging destroyed 45 percent of old-growth forests.
Logging, or commercial logging, involves cutting trees for sale as timber or pulp. The timber is used to build homes, furniture, etc. and the pulp is used to make paper and paper products. Logging is generally categorized into three categories: selective, clear-cutting and strip logging.
- Selective logging is selective because loggers choose only wood that is highly valued, such as mahogany.
- Clear-cutting is not selective. Loggers are interested in all types of wood and therefore cut all of the trees down, thus clearing the forest, hence the name- clear-cutting.
- Strip logging involves the clear-cutting of a relatively thin strip of forest that parallels a river (goes along the river) along a slope. A gallery forest (bordering the river) is left intact, but a strip is cut immediately upslope and the desirable timber is removed by a road that is also designed to parallel the river. Following this, another strip is cut several years later immediately upslope to the first strip and the road.
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Answer:
C. Only a fraction of energy is passed through each level, so there is less available to upper-level consumers. The energy flow is unbalanced and tends to move toward the lower levels
Explanation:
About 50% of the energy (possibly as much as 90%) in food is lost at each trophic level when an organism is eaten, so it is less efficient to be a higher order consumer than a primary consumer.
Answer:
Three reading frames
Explanation:
Translation of mRNA always happen in one direction from the 5' end to the 3' end of the RNA strand.
Reading frame refers to the grouping of three consecutive bases to form a codon that can constitute an amino acid.
There are six possible reading frames in any nucleotide sequence.
Three from the 3' to the 5' end and three possible reading frames from the 5' to the 3' end.
As mentioned earlier, translation in mRNA happens in one direction therefore the three possible reading frames are;
- 5'- C AGA UCU AAU GCU UAU CGG AU-3'.
- 5'- CA GAU CUA AUG CUU AUC GGA U-3'.
- 5'- CAG AUC UAA UGC UUA UCG GAU-3'.
