The US-sanctioned customs tariff, which was approved by the US Congress and signed by Jackson in 1832, was less protectionist than another federal tariff approved in 1828, but nevertheless made many state residents discontented. In response to the approval of the tariff, a number of South Carolina citizens began to support the principles of states' rights of "nullification," which was enunciated by John C. Calhoun, Jackson's Deputy until 1832, in his Exposition and Protest of South Carolina in 1828. South Carolina dealt with the tariff by adopting the Order of Nullification, "which annulled both the customs tariffs approved by the federal government in 1828 and 1832 within the boundaries of the state.
“The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. ... Proletarians of All Countries, Unite!” These are the final three sentences of the Manifesto of the Communist Party, better known simply as the Communist Manifesto, published in 1848, and written the year before by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels.
