Answer:
Brainstorming is the answer.
A participle has the following form: verb + -ing, and the only word in this sentence that takes that form is A, 'flying', which is the correct answer.
The correct answer would be B.
i dont know the second one sadly :(
Its probably B
he claims they are just people who can't make a significant difference if they act so they should just stand down
it's my guess anyways