Answer:
c. Proteins
Explanation:
A stretch of DNA that code for specific proteins is said to be a gene. A gene is transcribed into mRNA. The mRNA has a nucleotide sequence complementary to the corresponding gene. The nucleotide sequence of mRNA is read in the form of genetic codes during the process of protein synthesis to specify the amino acid sequence of proteins. Therefore, genes carry the genetic information for the assembly of proteins and the processes of transcription and translation deliver the stored genetic information. 
 
        
                    
             
        
        
        
Nutrients enter a cell with the concentration gradient by the process of diffusion.
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Answer:
thylakoids; stroma chloroplast
Explanation:
Light reactions take place in the thylakoid. The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma chloroplast.
 
        
             
        
        
        
Valine is a hydrophobic amino acid used for biosynthesis of proteins.  It is essential in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it and it must be obtained from the diet.
Glutamic is a hydrophilic amino acid used by almost all living beings in the biosynthesis of proteins. It is non-essential in humans and the body can synthesize it.