Portugal did not establish settlements in North America
the roman catholic church’s power structure remains unchanged.
Answer:
As William Theodore de Bary writes, “Prince Shotoku's 'constitution', placed more emphasis on basic moral and spiritual values than on the detailed codification of laws and their enforcement". This constitution remained valid until Ritsuryō went into effect in the late seventh century.
Explanation:
The answer would have to be that A. both empires were attacked by foreign invaders.