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irakobra [83]
2 years ago
9

What are two ways each that higher prices, Barriers to entry, and reduced competition are breaking the power of monopolies

Business
1 answer:
alexdok [17]2 years ago
3 0

<span>A pure monopoly is defined as a single supplier. While there only a few cases of pure monopoly, monopoly ‘power’ is much more widespread, and can exist even when there is more than one supplier – such in markets with only two firms, called a duopoly, and a few firms, an oligopoly.</span>

<span>According to the 1998 Competition Act, </span>abuse of dominant power means that a firm can 'behave independently of competitive pressures'.  See Competition Act.

<span>For the purpose of controlling mergers, the UK regulators consider that if two firms combine to create a market share of 25% or more of a specific market, the merger may be ‘referred’ to the Competition Commission, and may be prohibited.</span>

Formation of monopolies

Monopolies are formed under certain conditions, including:

<span><span>When a firm has exclusive ownership or use of a scarce resource, such as British Telecom who owns the telephone cabling running into the majority of UK homes and businesses.</span><span>When governments grant a firm monopoly status, such as </span>t<span>he <span>Post Office.</span></span><span>When firms have patents or copyright giving them exclusive rights to sell a product or protect their intellectual property, such as Microsoft’s ‘Windows’ brand name and software contents are protected from unauthorised use.</span>When firms merge to given them a dominant position in a market.</span><span>Maintaining monopoly power - barriers to entry</span>

Monopoly power can be maintained by barriers to entry, including:

Economies of large scale production

If the costs of production fall as the scale of the business increases and output is produced in greater volume, existing firms will be larger and have a cost advantage over potential entrants – this deters new entrants.

<span>Predatory pricing</span>

This involves dropping price very low in a ‘demonstration’ of power and to put pressure on existing or potential rivals.

<span>Limit pricing</span>

Limit pricing is a specific type of predatory pricing which involves a firm setting a price just below the average cost of new entrants – if new entrants match this price they will make a loss!

Perpetual ownership of a scarce resource

Fi<span>rms which are early entrants into a market may ‘tie-up’ the existing scarce resources making it difficult for new entrants to exploit these resources. This is often the case with ‘natural’ monopolies, which own the infrastructure. For example, British Telecomowns the network of cables, which makes it difficult for new firms to enter the market.</span>

High set-up costs

If<span> the set-up costs are very high then it is harder for new entrants.</span>

High ‘sunk’ costs

Sunk costs are those which cannot be recovered if the firm goes out of business, such as<span> advertising costs – the greater the sunk costs the greater the barrier.</span>

Advertising

H<span>eavy </span>expenditure on advertising by existing firms can deter entry as in order to compete effectively firms will have to try to match the spending of the incumbent firm.

Loyalty schemes and brand loyalty

If consumers are loyal to a brand, such as Sony,<span> new entrants </span>will find it difficult to win market share.

Exclusive contracts

For example, contracts between specific suppliers and retailers can exclude other retailers from entering the market.

Vertical integration

For example, if a brewer owns a chain of pubs then it is more difficult for new brewers to enter the market as there are fewer pubs to sell their beer to.

Evaluation of monopoly

Since Adam Smith the general view of monopolies is that they tend to act against the public’s interest, and generate more costs than benefits.

The costs of monopolyLess choice

<span>Clearly, consumers have less choice if supply is controlled by a monopolist – for example, the Post Office </span>used to be<span> monopoly supplier of letter collection and delivery services </span>across<span> the UK</span> and consumers had<span> no alternative </span>letter collection and delivery service.

High prices

Monopolies can exploit their position and charge high prices, because consumers have no alternative. This is especially problematic if the product is a basic necessity, like water.

Restricted output

Monopolists can also restrict output onto the market to exploit its dominant position over a period of time, or to drive up price.

Less consumer surplus

A rise in price or lower output would lead to a loss of consumer surplus. Consumer surplus is the extra net private benefit derived by consumers when the price they pay is less than what they would be prepared to pay. Over time monopolist can gain power over the consumer, which results in an erosion of consumer sovereignty.

Asymmetric information

There is asymmetric information – the monopolist may know more than the consumer and can exploit this knowledge to its own advantage.

Productive inefficiency

Monopolies may be <span><span>productively inefficient </span>because there are no direct competitors a monopolist has no incentive to reduce average costs to a minimum, with the result that they are likely to be productively inefficient.</span>


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Garida Co. is considering an investment that will have the following sales, variable costs, and fixed operating costs:
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Answer:

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The project's net present value (NPV) is:

= $57,787

Explanation:

a) Data and Calculations:

                                           Year 1       Year 2      Year 3      Year 4

Unit sales                           4,200         4,100       4,300        4,400

Sales price                       $29.82     $30.00      $30.31       $33.19

Variable cost per unit       $12.15      $13.45      $14.02       $14.55

Fixed operating costs   $41,000    $41,670    $41,890    $40,100

                                          Year 1        Year 2      Year 3        Year 4

Sales Revenue              $125,244   $123,000  $130,333   $146,036

Variable costs                  $51,030     $55,145   $60,286    $64,020

Fixed operating costs     $41,000     $41,670     $41,890     $40,100

Total costs                      $92,030     $96,815   $102,176    $104,120

Income before tax          $23,214      $26,185    $28,157      $41,916

Income tax (25%)               5,804          6,546       7,039        10,479

Net income/cash inflow  $17,410      $19,639     $21,118      $31,437

PV factor                           0.901          0.812          0.731        0.659

Present value                $15,686      $15,947    $15,437      $20,717

Total present value of the cash inflows = $67,787

Less investment cost of equipment =         10,000

Project's net present value (NPV) =          $57,787

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3 years ago
As long as a market is contestable, then even if it has only a few sellers, the Group of answer choices threat of new entrants w
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Answer: threat of new entrants will prevent the prices from rising above the competitive level.

Explanation:

A contestable market has competition such that sellers cannot unilaterally decide to sell at a certain price. They have to sell at a competitive price that is set by the market to ensure that goods are allocated efficiently.

If the prices attempt to rise above this competitive level, new sellers will enter the market so as to make a profit which would have the effect of driving the price back down to where it was and even lower if even more sellers come in. The price is therefore maintained to ensure that this does not happen.

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2 years ago
Jones Company sells an average of 200 chairs per week, of which 30% are regular chairs and 70% are executive chairs. Regular cha
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Answer:

Contribution margin per unit: $42.9

Total contribution margin: $8,580

Explanation:

The contribution margin per unit is calculated by calculating the total contribution margin, which is basically the total sales, minus the costs of production, in this cae we have that we sold:

60 regular chairs

140 executive charis

Now the total in sales is:

Regular sales: $6,000

Executive chairs: $23,800

The variable cost of each is:

Regular chairs: $3720

Executive chairs: $17,500

We add up the sales and withdraw from it the total variable cost:

29,800-21,220=8,850

The total contribution margin is equal to $8850.

And the contribution margin per unit is given by dividing the total contribution margin by the number of units sold:

8850/200=  42.9

So the contribution margin per unit is 42.9 dollars.

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