The events in the chronological order as follows-
- Start of 2nd Great Awakening
- Rapid growth of 2nd great Awakening
- Abolitionist Movement Begins
- McGuffey Readers published
- Dorothea Dix begins reform for the mentally ill
<u>Explanation</u>:
The following events in the history of the US are quite notable. These events in the chronological order are as follows-
- Start of 2nd Great Awakening- The movement started around New England in 1790s. The time was marked by rapid popularity growth of evangelical’s in the newly formed America.
- The rapid growth of 2nd great Awakening- The movement witnessed rapid growth around 1810 up to 1830 when it was quite influential in transforming the religious landscape of the country.
- Abolitionist Movement Begins- It was a concentrated effort at eradicating slavery from the US mainland. It was first started in 1830 imitating the same tactics used by Britisher at their home.
- McGuffey Readers published- The reader became the standard text for most schools across the US. It was first published in 1836 and later became a voluminous work.
- Dorothea Dix begins reform for the mentally ill- Dix was a teacher, reformer and an author. She through her life was actively involved in improving the condition of mentally ill patients. Starting from 1943 she established around 32 mental hospitals at a various location such as New York, Indiana, Illinois etc,
- Seneca Fall Convention- It was the first convention of its kind (women rights convention). The movement was precipitated to ask for women’s suffrage rights. It was held in July 1848 at Seneca Falls in New York.
<h3>One of the most pressing challenges African states faced at Independence was their lack of infrastructure. European imperialists prided themselves on bringing civilization and developing Africa, but they left their former colonies with little in the way of infrastructure. The empires had built roads and railroads - or rather, they had forced their colonial subjects to build them - but these were not intended to build national infrastructures. Imperial roads and railways were almost always intended to facilitate the export of raw materials. Many, like the Ugandan Railroad, ran straight to the coastline.
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</h3><h3>These new countries also lacked the manufacturing infrastructure to add value to their raw materials. Rich as many African countries were in cash crops and minerals, they could not process these goods themselves. Their economies were dependent on trade, and this made them vulnerable. They were also locked into cycles of dependencies on their former European masters. They had gained political, not economic dependencies, and as Kwame Nkrumah - the first prime minister and president of Ghana - knew, political independence without economic independence was meaningless. </h3><h3>
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</h3><h2>Energy Dependence</h2><h3>The lack of infrastructure also meant that African countries were dependent on Western economies for much of their energy. Even oil-rich countries did not have the refineries needed to turn their crude oil into gasoline or heating oil. Some leaders, like Kwame Nkrumah, tried to rectify this by taking on massive building projects, like the Volta River hydroelectric dam project. The dam did provide much-needed electricity, but its construction put Ghana heavily into debt. The construction also required the relocation of tens of thousands of Ghanaians and contributed to Nkrumah's plummeting support in Ghana. In 1966, Nkrumah was overthrown. </h3><h3>
</h3><h2>Inexperienced Leadership</h2><h3>At Independence, there were several presidents, like Jomo Kenyatta, had several decades of political experience, but others, like Tanzania's Julius Nyerere, had entered the political fray just years before independence. There was also a distinct lack of trained and experienced civil leadership. The lower echelons of the colonial government had long been staffed by African subjects, but the higher ranks had been reserved for white officials. The transition to national officers at independence meant there were individuals at all levels of the bureaucracy with little prior training. In some cases, this led to innovation, but the many challenges that African states faced at independence were often compounded by the lack of experienced leadership.
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</h3><h2>Lack of National Identity</h2><h3>The borders Africa's new countries were left with were the ones drawn in Europe during the Scramble for Africa with no regard to the ethnic or social landscape on the ground. The subjects of these colonies often had many identities that trumped their sense of being, for instance, Ghanaian or Congolese. Colonial policies that privileged one group over another or allocated land and political rights by "tribe" exacerbated these divisions. The most famous case of this was the Belgian policies that crystallized the divisions between Hutus and Tutsis in Rwanda that led to the tragic genocide in 1994.
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</h3><h3>Immediately after decolonization, the new African states agreed to a policy of inviolable borders, meaning they would not try to redraw Africa's political map as that would lead to chaos. The leaders of these countries were, thus, left with the challenge of trying to forge a sense of national identity at a time when those seeking a stake in the new country were often playing to individuals' regional or ethnic loyalties. </h3><h3>
</h3><h2>Cold War</h2><h3>Finally, decolonization coincided with the Cold War, which presented another challenge for African states. The push and pull between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) made non-alignment a difficult, if not impossible, option, and those leaders who tried to carve third way generally found they had to take sides. </h3><h3>
</h3><h3>Cold War politics also presented an opportunity for factions that sought to challenge the new governments. In Angola, the international support that the government and rebel factions received in the Cold War led to a civil war that lasted nearly thirty years.
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</h3><h3>These combined challenges made it difficult to establish strong economies or political stability in Africa and contributed to the upheaval that many (but not all!) states faced between the late '60s and late '90s. </h3>
The "doctrine of free will" blended easily with political ideas about democracy and independence because it taught people that their actions would have consequences.
1. DHS
2. President Clinton
3. The First Red Scare's immediate cause was the increase in subversive actions of foreign and leftist elements in the United States, especially militant followers of Luigi Galleani, and in the attempts of the U.S. government to quell protest and gain favorable public views of America's entering World War I. A period in the United States history when everyone was so caught up in containment of communism, and investigated people within their community for communism. Even people in the government were suspected of being communist spies.
4. Women who remained in the workplace were usually demoted. But after their selfless efforts during World War II, men could no longer claim superiority over women. Women had enjoyed and even thrived on a taste of financial and personal freedom - and many wanted more.
5. As farmers produced more produce using their new machines the price of their crops dropped. This was caused by producing more food than was needed by the population. This surplus of food was called 'overproduction'.
6. Generally, groups such as farmers, black Americans, immigrants and the older industries did not enjoy the prosperity of the Roaring 20s.
7. Chicago Race Riot of 1919, most severe of approximately 25 race riots throughout the U.S. in the “Red Summer” (meaning “bloody”) following World War I; a manifestation of racial frictions intensified by large-scale African American migration to the North, industrial labour competition, overcrowding in urban ghettos, and greater militancy among Black war veterans who had fought “to preserve democracy.” In the South revived Ku Klux Klan activities resulted in 64 lynchings in 1918 and 83 in 1919; race riots broke out in Washington, D.C.; Knoxville, Tennessee; Longview, Texas; and Phillips county, Arkansas. In the North the worst race riots erupted in Chicago and in Omaha, Nebraska.
<span>No- not in any states that I know about. State constitutions are generally patterned after the federal one, with a balance of powers. The lieutenant-governor often presides over the State Senate and can vote only if there is a tie vote.</span>
