The Ptolemaic or geocentric model, which had been studied by the Egyptian astronomer Ptolemy, was overturn during the Reinaissance, when the heliocentric model was promoted and started to be generally accepted.
The geocentric model stated that all astronomical objects: the sun, the moon, the stars, and planets all orbited around the Earth. In opposition, the heliocentric model states that the Earth and other bodies are orbiting around the Sun, which is the center of the Solar System.
After questioning the pre-established and generally accepted theory, the development of a mathematical model of the heliocentric system was done in the 16th century, during the Renaissance, by the mathematican, astronomer and also priest Nicolaus Copernicus. It led to the denominated Copernican revolution, which used the scientific method to overturn a previous wrong conception of the universe.
The answer is Government officials & Confucian scholars
B. Russification has been reversed, where greater numbers of Russians are encouraged to leave these regions.
In feudal Europe there was an emperor or a king who had his nobles who ruled areas. The areas were given to them by the king to reign free and in return they swore to help the king in wars or similar things. These noble people were not necessarily warriors or great conquerors, just good diplomats. The land was owed by them and everythign that the people who lived on those lands made they had to give a percentage to the noble, who paid taxes to the king, or kept everything if they had struck a deal of that kind.
Feudal Japan was different because the people who ruled were not nobles but rather military and war generals who were called shoguns. The emperor himself was not an important figure and didn't decide much. The shoguns controlled everything and since there was a highly militaristic tradition developed merchants were not important and trading was heavily state regulated. Shoguns would even practice complete isolationist policies to prevent trading with foreigners. People had to pay taxes to them.
Hostile because they often fought and killed each other I think