Answer:
1. Gathering for the purpose of creating a constitution which laid down the laws for running the United States --- Constitutional Convention
2. Republican president during the Civil War --- Abraham Lincoln
3. Began as a series of anti-slavery political meetings held in the Midwest in 1854 --- Republican Party
4. Free interpretation of the Constitution, allowing the government all powers not denied it --- Loose construction
5. Started the Democratic Party --- Andrew Jackson
Explanation:
1- The Constitutional Convention was held in Philadelphia between May 14 and September 17, 1787, to solve the problems of the United States government, which had been functioning according to the Articles of Confederation after its independence from Great Britain. The result of the Convention was the creation of the Constitution of the United States of America.
2- Abraham Lincoln was an American politician and lawyer who served as the sixteenth president of the United States of America from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States during the Civil War, the bloodiest conflict and perhaps also the greatest moral, constitutional and political crisis that America has suffered.
3- In 1854, the Whig Party of the United States ended up disintegrating and disappeared; this had been, since 1834, the second largest party in the country (the first was the Democratic Party of the United States). On March 20 of the same year, the Republican Party was founded at a meeting held in a small school in the city of Ripon, State of Wisconsin. Soon the example of Ripon was imitated by other Local and State Committees of the former Whig Party in different regions of the North of the country; and already by the middle of the year the first State Conventions of the new party could be celebrated. The first of these State Conventions was that of the State of Michigan, which met on July 6, 1854 in the city of Jackson; the States of the Midwest took the initiative in the founding and organization of the new party, while those in the East took about a year to do so. What all these groups had in common to form the new party was their ideological belonging to the anti-slavery movement, which brought together all white-skinned people in the Northern States of the United States who were fighting to abolish slavery of black people in the southern states of the country.
4- Loose constructionism is the theory of constitutional interpretation that does not apply the literality of the text of the Constitution, but seeks a broader interpretation, adapting the constitutional precepts to the changes of time and circumstances. In this way, the judiciary has a broad faculty to interpret the laws and adapt them to the particular circumstances.
5- Andrew Jackson was an American statesman, seventh president of the United States (1829-1837). He came from a newly emigrated Scottish and Irish middle-income family. During the War of Independence of the United States, he served as a messenger to the revolutionaries. At the age of 13 he was captured and mistreated by the English, which makes him the only American president who has been a prisoner of war. Later he became a lawyer. He was also elected to the congressional office, first to the House of Representatives and twice to the Senate.
After being elected to the Senate, Jackson decided to enter the presidential election of 1824. Although he won more electoral votes in addition to the popular vote than the other three opponents, he lost in the House of Representatives to John Quincy Adams, supposedly for a "corrupt bargain" between Adams and Speaker of the House of Representatives Henry Clay, who was also a candidate. Jackson supporters then founded what became the Democratic Party. He entered the election of 1828 against Adams. Using his influence in the West and with new support from Virginia and New York, he won with a landslide victory.
