In energy processing systems electronic carrier molecules transfer electrons from one part to other part of energy processing system. This provides the necessary energy and reduces power to carry out chemical reactions. They are necessary for aerobic cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
I think c and d is the best answers
If p = frequency of A and q = frequency of a, then assuming H-W equilibrium we have
p + q = 1 ⇒ q = 1 - p = 1 - 0.55 = 0.45
Then the expected frequency of the heterozygous genotype Aa is 2pq = 2 • 0.55 • 0.45 = 0.495.
