A sixteen bit microprocessor chip used in early IBM PCs. The Intel 8088 was a version with an eight-bit externaldata bus.
The Intel 8086 was based on the design of the Intel 8080 <span>and </span>Intel 8085 (it was source compatible with the 8080)with a similar register set, but was expanded to 16 bits. The Bus Interface Unit fed the instruction stream to theExecution Unit through a 6 byte prefetch queue, so fetch and execution were concurrent - a primitive form ofpipelining (8086 instructions varied from 1 to 4 bytes).
It featured four 16-bit general registers, which could also be accessed as eight 8-bit registers, and four 16-bit indexregisters (including the stack pointer). The data registers were often used implicitly by instructions, complicatingregister allocation for temporary values. It featured 64K 8-bit I/O (or 32K 16 bit) ports and fixed vectored interrupts.There were also four segment registers that could be set from index registers.
The segment registers allowed the CPU to access 1 meg of memory in an odd way. Rather than just supplyingmissing bytes, as most segmented processors, the 8086 actually shifted the segment registers left 4 bits and addedit to the address. As a result, segments overlapped, and it was possible to have two pointers with the same valuepoint to two different memory locations, or two pointers with different values pointing to the same location. Mostpeople consider this a brain damaged design.
Although this was largely acceptable for assembly language, where control of the segments was complete (it couldeven be useful then), in higher level languages it caused constant confusion (e.g. near/far pointers). Even worse, thismade expanding the address space to more than 1 meg difficult. A later version, the Intel 80386, expanded thedesign to 32 bits, and "fixed" the segmentation, but required extra modes (suppressing the new features) forcompatibility, and retains the awkward architecture. In fact, with the right assembler, code written for the 8008 canstill be run on the most <span>recent </span>Intel 486.
The Intel 80386 added new op codes in a kludgy fashion similar to the Zilog Z80 and Zilog Z280. The Intel 486added full pipelines, and clock doubling (like <span>the </span>Zilog Z280).
So why did IBM chose the 8086 series when most of the alternatives were so much better? Apparently IBM's own engineers wanted to use the Motorola 68000, and it was used later in the forgotten IBM Instruments 9000 Laboratory Computer, but IBM already had rights to manufacture the 8086, in exchange for giving Intel the rights to its bubble memory<span> designs.</span> Apparently IBM was using 8086s in the IBM Displaywriter word processor.
Other factors were the 8-bit Intel 8088 version, which could use existing Intel 8085-type components, and allowed the computer to be based on a modified 8085 design. 68000 components were not widely available, though it could useMotorola 6800 components to an <span>extent. </span> Hope this helps
Since at present number user or nodes in an organization counts is 100 and it can be further extended. Moreover concurrent at presented is 25 nodes is active.
<u>Explanation:</u>
So as best practice network administrator has keep in mind and select hardware application.
1. Server with high end rams and further extendable.
2. Minimum life of hardware such as routers, switch or managed or firewall should be considered or two years. But to technology improvement it is possible for 1 year only
3. Upgradable hardware appliances and software updates should be possible with mini cost effect.
4. Network security and update or upgradable workstation or desktop or laptop to be consideration.
5. Functional operation of an organization should run smoothly.
Macintosh refers to a set of computers designed, developed and manufactured by Apple Inc. Apple officially began the sales of Macintosh on the 24th of January, 1984. The first designs of Macintosh are considered to be personal computers and had a mouse, in-built screen with a graphical user interface (GUI).
Macintosh developed the first design technology program which had a mouse and allowed for photo manipulation. This technology or software program used for photo manipulation is known as MacPaint, it was a raster graphics editor which was originally coded by Bill Atkinson using a Pascal programming language while its graphical user interface was designed by Susan Kare.
Simply put: A callback is a function that is to be executed after another function has finished executing — hence the name 'call back'. ... Functions that do this are called higher-order functions. Any function that is passed as an argument is called a callback function.
The word processor used to be the only office machine in the year 1960s, that combined the keyboard text-entry and various printing functions of an electric typewriter with the recording memory. And this recording unit was a tape or a floppy disk, with the simplest of processor applied for text editing. Hence, the above statement that the early word processors ran on the devices that look like digital is true.
