Jean-Jacques Dessalines, one of l'Overture's generals, led the revolutionaries at the Battle of Vertieres on November 18, 1803 where the French forces were defeated. On January 1, 1804, Dessalines declared the nation independent and renamed it Haiti
<span>Historians consider The American Civil War to be the first modern war. They regard it to be the first modern war because it was the first war where widespread use of mechanized and electrified devices like railroad trains, aerial observation, telegraph, photography, torpedoes, mines, ironclad ships and rifles occurred.Although these recent innovations were used for military purposes during the engagements, the armed forces were sometimes reluctant to embrace new technologies. On occasion, the inventors and entrepreneurs of these new technologies visualized military applications for them and had to persuade the War Department to use them in the military efforts. The military men of the nineteenth century were not trained to see new gadgets as solutions to the problems of warfare. They had been schooled in techniques that were more-or-less classical and the product of long traditions. Experimenting with new devices can jeopardize an entire operation so it took a bold new approach to try any of the many newfangled contraptions that were proposed at the beginning of the conflict.Apart from the new devices that are outlined here, there were hundreds of other proposals to the US War Department for machines intended to bring a swift end to the war. The Confederate States also received hundreds of proposals and tended to try more of them than the Northern States did. Perhaps it was because the Confederacy had the best officers or perhaps it was because of their strategic disadvantage in materials and personnel.The records from the period are full of novel ideas and it is intriguing to consider what difference they might have made had they been tried. Some of the more plausible concepts include a double barreled cannon that fired chain shot, breech loading repeating rifles, ironclad batteries on wheels and various improved artillery shell designs. Some of the inventions were tried and put into use in combat with successful results. Many new weapons were incorporated into the equipment of the armies and changed warfare forever. Despite the interesting aspect of all of this new technology, it is impossible to forget that the new weapons made warfare far more deadly than ever before. The American Civil War was one of the bloodiest wars in history. </span><span>There were several instances where the promoters of the latest technologies believed so strongly in the military value of them that they financed expensive speculative demonstrations during the Civil War. In some cases, the military needed a great deal more convincing than resources allowed, and the businesses went bankrupt.For example, photography had been invented much earlier, but the practical and workable technology was not developed until the nineteenth century. Before this time, most photographs required at least eight hours of exposure, thus being impractical in most cases. The militaries had no great interest in photography at the beginning of the war and several enterprising photographers set out to demonstrate its value in hopes of making a profit.</span>
C. First Continental Congress
The earliest Roman art dates back to the overthrow of the Etruscan kings and the establishment of the republic in the year 509 BC. For history, the end of Roman art and thus the beginning of medieval art coincide with the conversion of Emperor Constantine to Christianity and the moving from the capital of the Empire of Rome to Constantinople in 330. However, both Roman style and its pagan theme continued to be represented for centuries, often reproduced in Christian images.
The Roman temples were the result of a combination of Greek and Etruscan elements: rectangular floor plan, gable roof, deep atrium with free columns and a staircase in the facade giving access to the podium or base. The Romans retained the traditional Greek orders (Doric, Ionian, and Corinthian), but invented two others: Tuscan, a kind of Doric order without striations in the shaft, and the composite, with a capital created from the mixture of Ionic and Corinthian elements. . Maison Carrée, from the French city of Nimes (c. 16 AD), is an excellent example of the Roman Templar typology.
