An essay is a type of B. technical material<span>. Essays are used for many purposes, but most look to present the author's own argument. Essays are not a personal nonfiction, but their definition overlaps with that of an article, pamphlet or short story. Essays may either be formal or informal and are not a type of figurative language, which includes similies and metaphors.</span>
Inductive reasoning involves drawing up conclusions from our observations, e.g. Fishes live in water, and they have gills, so they can breathe in water. Simply put, it's just making sense of things that you know, kinda like the "put two and two together" statement.
Deductive reasoning involves making conclusions from two or more statements. Let's say X = Y, and Y = Z, which means X is also equal to Z. That's deductive reasoning.
Hope it's clear now?