Cutoff signals are signals used by the animals for communication between them. These signals are behaviors. Examples are: the animal freezes, turns the back to other animals, moves away, ....
Cut-off signals are usually given after a conflict. One reason animals use cutoff signals is to:
D. encourage compromise between potential adversaries
If cut-off signals are not respected, conflict will escalate.
Photorespiration or oxidative photosynthetic carbon cycle or C2 photosynthesis is a process in which enzyme RuBisCO oxygenates RuBP that leads to wastage of some energy formed during photosynthesis. This process involves three organelles chloroplast, peroxisomes and mitochondria.
Photorespiration occurs in dry and hot climatic plants when there is more oxygen in atmosphere than carbon dioxide. It is a light dependent process where glycolate is synthesized.
The plants have minimized its occurrence because it is a wasteful process. In photosynthesis carbon dioxide is used while in photorespiration carbon dioxide is releases. Thus, these processes work against each other so the plants minimize its occurrence.