U.S. diplomat Allan Lightner attempted to cross Checkpoint Charlie to attend the opera in East Berlin. East German border guards demanded to see Lightner’s passport, but he refused on the grounds that only Soviet officials had the authority to inspect his papers. He only got through the checkpoint after he left and returned with a complement of armed U.S. soldiers and military jeeps. When East German officials continued to deny Americans entry into East Berlin, U.S. General Lucius Clay put on a show of force by moving 10 M-48 tanks into position around Checkpoint Charlie. The East Germans’ Soviet allies responded by positioning three-dozen T-55 tanks near the eastern border. On October 27, 10 of them rode forward to meet the American armor. For some 16 hours, the two sides stared each other down in one of the only armed confrontations of the Cold War. The potential for World War III was only averted when President John F. Kennedy contacted Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev and convinced him to withdraw his tanks. A few minutes later, the American M-48s also left the scene.
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Although created as a control mechanism, the sankin kotai helped transform Edo into a metropolis and truly a uniting center for the Japanese people. Other additional benefits of the system were the ensured peace by keeping feudal lords in subjugation (Tsukahira, 137).
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Legalism was practiced through enacting laws to control the population of China. Some say that this is to help people so that they could become better than who they are, not simply through laws, but by self-discipline, education, and observance of ritual.
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Anti-federalists believed that the states did not have enough power to limit the federal government; however, the federalists believe if states are given too much power than the country will go into debt and eventually spiral out of control similar to the AOC.
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