The answer I came up with is Echinoderms and Chordates.
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The first organisms to grow in new or disturb areas is called pioneer species.
<span>An organelle is a functional subunit enclosed by a membrane within a eukaryotic cell. The name "organelle" means little organ and the name comes from the analogy with organs: what an organ is to a body, an organelle is to a cell. So, the organelle is the organ of the cell. There are different types of organelles in cells, such as nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplasts, vacuoles, and they all have a different function. For example, the nucleus is the organelle which main function is control of cell activities. Mitochondria are organelles which main function is energy production. </span>
Answer:
a. + glucose, + lactose = On
b. - glucose, - lactose = Off
c. + glucose, - lactose = Off
d. - glucose, + lactose = On
Explanation:
Lac operon has both types of control, repressible and inducible.
Whenever glucose level is low in the cell, an enzyme known as adenylyl cyclase raises the level of cAMP which forms a dimer with CRP protein and they both act as activator of lac operon and cause expression.
Apart from this, when lactose is present in the cell, β-galactosidase enzyme metabolizes lactose to form allolactose which causes allosteric repulsion in the lac repressor and causes its removal from the operator. As soon as repressor is removed lac operon gets activated.
In wild type lac operons, the expression of lac operon occurs when glucose level is low in the cell and lactose is present but in this mutant presence or absence of glucose will not make a difference because CRP will bind Plac promoter independent of cAMP level i.e. activator CRP will work even in high glucose concentration. If lactose is present then lac operon will always express so in option 'a & d' lac operon will express but in option 'b & c' it will not express.
Answer: oxygen is present; electron transport chain is used
Explanation:
