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GarryVolchara [31]
3 years ago
5

What perspectives and arguments (list at least 3) developed regarding the theory of nullification? What was the most convincing

argument, and what effect did it have?
History
1 answer:
agasfer [191]3 years ago
6 0

Hay dos tradiciones centrales en la historia política de los Estados Unidos. La de Jefferson, liberal y defensora de los derechos de los Estados, y la de Hamilton-Henry Clay-Lincoln, intervencionista y mercantilista, partidaria de un poder federal (central) fuerte. Esta última se tuvo que construir sobre mitos históricos, ya que no representaba la intención de los padres fundadores: los poderes implícitos y la "mentira espectacular" de que primero fue el poder federal y luego los Estados.

La primera dice que el Gobierno Federal tiene no sólo los poderes expresamente citados en la Constitución, sino aquellos que implícitamente son necesarios para conseguir los objetivos reconocidos por ésta. La segunda se cae con sólo leer cualquier historia de ese país, incluso las hamiltonianas. Fue creada por Daniel Webster con el objetivo de justificar la unión frente a la teoría de la anulación (nullification).

Esta última fue formulada expresamente por John Calhoun, pero está basada en sólidos precedentes históricos. La teoría constitucional de la anulación dice que cualquier Estado tiene el derecho de declarar nula cualquier ley creada por el Congreso, si la considera inaceptable e inconstitucional. Su origen no está en Carolina del Sur, sino en Massachussets, que ha alegado al derecho de los Estados a la secesión en cuatro ocasiones: al comienzo de la República cuando se discutían los ajustes de las deudas de guerra, con la compra de Luisiana por Jefferson, durante la guerra de 1812 y tras la anexión de Tejas. En la Convención de Hartford, en 1814, se planteó la secesión por la guerra contra Inglaterra. Plantearon una reforma de la Constitución que daría más poder a los Estados. Por otro lado, Madison y Jefferson habían reconocido el derecho de los Estados a la secesión en las resoluciones de Virginia y Kentucky, en 1798.

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Invading Russia proved disastrous because of a few reasons:


1) Timing of invasion: While France invaded towards the middle of summer (the best time is summer), it just wasn't enough time to take over the strategic areas before winter set in, leading to the French defeat and eventual retreat from Russia.

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