Freedmen's Bureau, (1865–72), during the Reconstruction period after the American Civil War, popular name for the U.S. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, established by Congress to provide practical aid to 4,000,000 newly freed African Americans in their transition from slavery to freedom.
Social Darwinian extended into theories of race and racism, eugenics, the claimed national superiority of one people over another, and immigration law.
