<em>Plessy v. Ferguson</em> (1896) was a Supreme Court decision that upheld the principle of "separate but equal" in regard to racial segregation. The Court's decision said that separate, segregated public facilities were acceptable as long as the facilities offered were equal in quality.
In the decades after the Civil War, states in the South began to pass laws that sought to keep white and black society separate. In the 1880s, a number of state legislatures began to pass laws requiring railroads to provide separate cars for passengers who were black. At the heart of the case that became <em>Plessy v. Ferguson</em> was an 1890 law passed in Louisiana in 1890 that required railroads to provide "separate railway carriages for the white and colored races.”
In 1892, Homer Plessy, who was 1/8 black, bought a first class train railroad ticket, took a seat in the whites only section, and then informed the conductor that he was part black. He was removed from the train and jailed. He argued for his civil rights before Judge John Howard Ferguson and was found guilty. His case went all the way to the Supreme Court which at that time upheld the idea of "separate but equal" facilities.
Several decades later, the 1896 <em>Plessy v. Ferguson </em>decision was overturned. <em>Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka</em>, decided by the US Supreme Court in 1954, extended civil liberties to all Americans in regard to access to education. The "separate but equal" principle of <em>Plessy v. Ferguson</em> had been applied to education as it had been to transportation. In the case of <em>Brown v. Board of Education</em>, that standard was challenged and defeated. Segregation was shown to create inequality, and the Supreme Court unanimously ruled segregation to be unconstitutional.
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Answer:
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Explanation:
During the protestant reformation, there were two major periods of conflict known as the Bohemian and Swedish phases. The causes of these conflicts had a number of long term effects on the protestant reformation including:
* Reduction in territory for many countries that had converted to Protestantism
* Many catholic territories being taken over by protestants
* Economic issues caused by constant warfare
* Long-lasting tensions between Catholics and Protestants
During the Bohemian phase, causalities were high due to large battles with heavy artillery being used. This is when leaders from both sides realized that casualties from war would be much less when taking place in smaller, more focused groups rather than larger armies which would result in greater loss of life. In doing so, the protestant reformation was able to spread more quickly than the catholic reformation.
As for economic issues caused by constant warfare, public funding was diverted towards military spending so that they were capable of defending their territory. This resulted in decreased spending on education and social welfare which allowed for an increase in poverty within these countries. The protestants took advantage of this by allowing local rulers to decide on religious matters instead of forcing them to convert.
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Answer:
Why did Portuguese sailors go around the southern tip of Africa in 1488?
Explanation:
lemme know if u want shorter. Very little is known of his early life. King John II of Portugal appointed him, on 10 October 1486, to head an expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa in the hope of finding a trade route to India
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