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1) How did the Mediterranean trade help revive western Europe?
The primary factor was the Crusades, which began in 1095. Europeans started traveling to the Middle East in vast numbers to retake the Holy Land from the Seljuk Turks. In the process, they discovered new markets, commodities, artisanal products, and trade routes.
2) What social and economic factors led to the growth of cities in late medieval Europe?
The growth of trade across the oceans led to growth in cities. Guilds consisting of skilled craftsmen led to the growth of the population. The invention of the water wheel boosted the manufacturing in cities, flemish towns prospered as centers for the manufacture of textiles and other goods. Because there were more jobs in manufacturing, more families moved to cities instead of farming.
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Communist schools benefited the state and the communist parties because the schools educated future workers in order to build a modern industrial state. In addition, the schools taught communist values so they were grooming the next generation of communists.
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It was unofficially celebrated in a number of cities and states as early as the 18th century, but did not become a federal holiday until 1937. For many, the holiday is a way of both honoring Columbus' achievements and celebrating Italian-American heritage.
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