Oparin and Haldane's theory and Miller's experiment are the proof that long complex molecules that carry information such as DNA, might have formed on early earth.
Explanation:
Oparin and Haldane Hypothesis states that life on Early earth could have evolved by chemical evolution.
Oparin and Haldane said that the reducing atmosphere of the early earth caused simple inorganic molecules to react by using sunlight and formed molecules like amino acids and nucleotides.
These monomers combined to form polymers, they would have attained self-replicating tendency eventually these would have assembled into structures and these macromolecules had also made membrane-bound organelle.
Although this hypothesis is not fully accepted but part of it which talks about formation of molecules is accepted.
Millers and Urey in their experiment created an artificial reducing environment like that of early earth. They used a heated pool of water, atmospheric gases like H2O,CH4,N2, NH4 and sparks of electricity. After running the experiment for some days they found that amino acids, sugars, lipids and other organic molecules had formed.
Their hypothesis is not fully accepted but part of is evident that organic building block is formed from inorganic constituent on the earth.
I think it is NAD, this ensures that the NAD can go back to glycolysis where it can again be reduced and go back through anaerobic respiration.
<h3><u>Answer;</u></h3>
Lithosphere
<h3><u>Explanation</u>;</h3>
- Lithosphere is the solid outer part of the earth which includes the brittle upper portion of the crust and the mantle. It is bounded by the asthenosphere below and the atmosphere above.
- <em><u>The pressure in the lithosphere is about 109 gigapascals or GPa. </u></em>
- <em><u>Asthenosphere has a pressure of about 18 GPa</u></em>
- <em><u>The mantle is a layer between the outer core and the crust, it has a pressure of about 149 GPa.</u></em>
The answer is the second and third answers. Kingdom Protista is a polyphyletic taxon, meaning they did not evolve from one common ancestor, unlike what you see from a monophyletic taxon. Because they come from multiple ancestors, they share more similarities with other organisms from other kingdoms, rather than themselves.