Explanation:
The word innovate has always generated, in human history, uncertainty, skepticism and even rejection by those who want to preserve the established order. After all, "innovating" consists of "altering something, introducing new features", so the innovator is a revolutionary who introduces changes that alter order and, therefore, introduces some initial disorder that, over time, will become a new order prevailing to be later altered and transformed again as a result of the introduction of a new innovation. Some examples help clarify this point.
The Ottoman Turkish Empire under Sultan Bayezid II closed to the possibility of experiencing the benefits of the introduction of the printing press. The Sultan, by means of an edict, prohibited printing in Arabic. Only in 1727 would the introduction of the first printing press be allowed in the lands of the empire, but under strict control, as evidenced by Ibrahim Müteferrika, whose production was controlled by religious scholars.
Müteferrika himself was aware that Europeans were advancing by leaps and bounds and the Ottoman Empire was left behind and that was due to the European political system that guaranteed rights and freedoms, and to rationalism and the scientific revolution. Instead, the progress (education and literacy) of the Turkish empire had been mortgaged due to religious fundamentalism and Islamic law. The secularization of society was a necessary step for the scientific revolution. However, we must also keep in mind that the printing press (and in our days twitter and internet) are innovations that totalitarian and dictatorial regimes such as North Korea and Cuba do not like, since they propagate ideas that can be considered as “ subversive ”and that threaten the integrity of the oppressive State along with its civil and military elite. It is easier and safer that knowledge is not dispersed but centralized in a single institution so that homogeneous and uncritical consciences can be formed. It is not surprising that totalitarian and authoritarian regimes immediately intervene in education as a way of earning the uncritical loyalty of the population.
although there were several purposes to these the primary purpose of corporate shareholder trusts that were created in the late 1800s was to A to limit competition
Rationalism is the view that reason is the chief source and test of
knowledge, it is a methodology in which the criterion of the truth is
not sensory but intellectual and deductive.
During the scientific
revolution, changing perceptions about the role of the scientist in
respect to nature, the value of evidence, experimental or observed, led
towards a scientific methodology in which rationalism<span> played a large role.</span>
Many economists felt that the reparations demanded from Germany were excessive and counterproductive. Operating from the principle of permanently weakening Germany, France was particularly keen on punishing Germany and limiting its ability to wage war. This approach, however, backfired because reparations were so severe Germany plunged into economic chaos. This situation allowed for the rise of Adolf Hitler and planted the seeds for WWII.
