Birds, insects, and many reptiles excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of uric acid, which saves water.
Nitrogenous waste in the body tend to form toxic ammonia, which must be excreted. Mammals such as human excrete urea, while birds, reptiles, and some terrestrial invertebrates produce uric acid as waste in the form of a white paste or power. The production of uric acid involves a complex metabolic pathway that is energetically costly in comparison to processing of other nitrogenous wastes such as urea or ammonia, it has the advantages of reducing water loss and, hence, reducing the need for water.
We should expect that the rat will have have more difficulty in learning the task compared to a normal rat. This is because the rat has been injected with a certain drug that oppresses the dopamine activity. And then the rat is placed in an operant chamber where a lever-pressing task is shaped through positive reinforcement.
Answer;
The L-D reactions require light energy and water, and the L-IND reactions require ATP, NADPH and CO2.
Explanation;
-Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants use light energy from the sun, water and carbon dioxide to make organic molecules, such as simple sugars.
-The process takes place in two phases; light dependent stage and light independent stage.
-During light dependent stage light energy is used to break down water molecules into hydrogen ions and oxygen atoms.
-Light independent reactions uses CO2 and the ATP and NADPH from light dependent reactions to produce sugar/ glucose. ATP is used to provide the energy for sugar synthesis and NADPH is used for electrons in the reduction of Carbon Dioxide into sugar.
We humans are affecting the global food supply because of climate change. As you know the world is super polluted and threat of climate change is the collapse of food systems: Other threats — flooding, storms, forest fires — may be more sudden and severe in certain regions, but disruptions in food supply will affect virtually everyone.
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC<span>) is a set of cell surface proteins essential for the acquired immune system to recognize foreign molecules in vertebrates, which in turn determines histocompatibility. ... The human </span>MHC<span> is also called the </span>HLA<span> (human leukocyte antigen) complex (often just the </span>HLA<span>).</span>
