Answer:
DNA vaccines consist of DNA vectors or plasmids (small double-stranded DNA rings originally derived from bacteria, but unable to cause infection) into which the genes encoding one or more immunizing proteins of the infectious agent have been inserted causing the disease to be prevented.
Explanation:
Vectors are the functional unit of naked DNA vaccines. Genes that encode the proteins of interest and are of bacterial origin are inserted into these vectors. Bacterial plasmids are circular DNA molecules that self-replicate extrachromosomally in bacteria. The genes encoded in these plasmids are under the control of promoters, almost always of viral origin. When a plasmid is introduced into the cell it translocates to the nucleus, where transcription of the transgene begins; the transcripts are then taken to the cytoplasm and translated there. The newly synthesized proteins are degraded in the proteasome to 8-10 amino acid peptides, which are transported to the endoplasmic reticulum. Peptides of high affinity with their respective MHC I molecule stabilize and enter the secretory pathway, thus reaching the cell surface, where they are coupled with the T-lymphocyte receptor (TcR) present on the surface of T lymphocytes cytotoxic drugs (CD8 +) to induce their activation.
<span>The causes for recent amphibian declines are many, beacuse of an emerging disease called chytridiomycosis . Chytridiomycosis is a disease caused by the fungal chytrid pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.
I hope this helps! :D</span>
Answer:
In sexual reproduction, traits will be taken from both parents, so the child will be a mix of traits from the father and the mother
In asexual reproduction, there is only one parent, so the child will be a genetical replica of the parent
Limestone deposits can help researchers learn about what the area was like thousands of years ago as Limestone can contain fossilized plants and animals.
Explanation:
- Limestone often contains fossils of shelled sea creatures. Entire reef formations and communities of organisms are found preserved in limestone.
- The types of fossils found in limestone include coral, algae, clams, brachiopods, bryozoa and crinoids.
- Limestone is a sedimentary rock made almost entirely of fossils.
- Fossils are the remains of ancient plants and animals, like an imprint in a rock or actual bones and shells that have turned into rock. Fossils are found in sedimentary rocks and hold the clues to life on Earth long ago.
- Limestone is composed of the mineral calcite; calcium carbonate. It often has variable amounts of silica in it, as well as varying amounts of clay, silt, and sand. Limestone rocks fall under the category of sedimentary rocks that are made from mineral calcite.
Answer:
c i did this test and got it right
Explanation:
