Answer:
The correct order is F, E, C, G, H, A, D, and B (look at the image in the attached files)
Explanation:
- <u>Interphase</u><u>:</u> Stages G1, S, and G2. At this point probably, the chromatin duplication has already occurred, but it is still lax or dispersed. It has not condensed yet. Two pairs of centrioles are outside the nucleus (FIGURE F)
- <u>Prophase</u>: Centrioles move forward to the opposite poles of the cell. Chromatin is condensed and individual chromosomes are now visible. The nuclear membrane breaks into many pieces. Spindle apparatus -microtubules- forms. (FIGURE E)
- <u>Metaphase:</u> The polar and the kinetochore fibers drive each individual chromosome to the equatorial plane. This stage ends when all the chromosomes are completely arranged in the medial area. (FIGURE C)
- <u>Anaphase</u>: Sister chromatids separate and move to the opposite poles of the cells, driven by the microtubules. In each pole, there are a pair of centrioles (FIGURE G and H).
- <u>Telophase</u>: The nuclear membrane rearranges. Each sister chromatid becomes now a new chromosome. There is a pair of centrioles outside each of the nuclei. (FIGURE A)
- Cytokinesis occurs at the end of the cell division. The rest of the cell is divided into two new daughter cells. Each daughter cell is an identical copy of the other cell, with the exact same genetic material (FIGURE D).
- Decondensation of the genetic material of each new cell (FIGURE B).
The base which is Uracil or Thymeine
A pathogen is a microorganism that is able to cause disease in a plant, animal or insect. Pathogenicity is the ability to produce disease in a host organism. Microbes express their pathogenicity by means of their virulence, a term which refers to the degree of pathogenicity of the microbe. Hence, the determinants of virulence of a pathogen are any of its genetic or biochemical or structural features that enable it to produce disease in a host.
The relationship between a host and a pathogen is dynamic, since each modifies the activities and functions of the other. The outcome of such a relationship depends on the virulence of the pathogen and the relative degree of resistance or susceptibility of the host, due mainly to the effectiveness of the host defense mechanisms. Staphylococcus aureus, arguably the most prevalent pathogen of humans, may cause up to one third of all bacterial diseases ranging from boils and pimples to food poisoning, to septicemia and toxic shock. Electron micrograph from Visuals Unlimited, with permission.
The Underlying Mechanisms of Bacterial Pathogenicity
Two broad qualities of pathogenic bacteria underlie the means by which they cause disease:
1. Invasiveness is the ability to invade tissues. It encompasses mechanisms for colonization (adherence and initial multiplication), production of extracellular substances which facilitate invasion (invasins) and ability to bypass or overcome host defense mechanisms.
2. Toxigenesis is the ability to produce toxins. Bacteria may produce two types of toxins called exotoxins and endotoxins. Exotoxins are released from bacterial cells and may act at tissue sites removed from the site of bacterial growth. Endotoxins are cell-associated substance. (In a classic sense, the term endotoxin refers to the lipopolysaccharide component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria). However, endotoxins may be released from growing bacterial cells and cells that are lysed as a result of effective host defense (e.g. lysozyme) or the activities of certain antibiotics (e.g. penicillins and cephalosporins). Hence, bacterial toxins, both soluble and cell-associated, may be transported by blood and lymph and cause cytotoxic effects at tissue sites remote from the original point of invasion or growth. Some bacterial toxins may also act at the site of colonization and play a role in invasion. Acid-fast stain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the agent of tuberculosis (TB). The bacteria are the small pink-staining rods. More than one-third of the world population is infected. The organism has caused more human deaths than any other bacterium in the history of mankind. Although its ability to produce disease is multifactorial, it is not completely understood. American Society of Microbiology, with permission.
<u>Answer:</u>
The<u> deductive reasoning</u> is an inquiry process that begins with a theory, prediction, or general principle that is then tested through data collection.
<u>Explanation:</u>
Deductive reasoning or logic is the reasoning mechanism from one or more statements in order to draw a logically definite inference. Deductive reasoning moves in the same direction as conditional reasoning and connects assumptions to judgments.
Both inductive and deductive reasoning aspire to build a reasonable argument. Inductive reasoning thus jumps from specific instances to a generalized conclusion, while deductive reasoning steps from generalized concepts, which are regarded to be accurate to a real and specific assertion.
