Uniformitarianism(1785)
Relative dating(around the 1800’s)
Absolute dating also known as radiometric dating (1905)
Neptunium (1940)
Answer:
ATP and NADPH
Explanation:
The photosynthetic process carried out by plants involves two distinct stages: the light-dependent stage and the Light-independent stage. The light-dependent stage occurs in the thylakoid membrane of the CHLOROPLAST and it involves a series of chemical reactions that results in the formation of an energy storage molecule (ATP) and reduced electron carrier (NADPH).
These molecules enters the Calvin cycle or light-independent stage. The chemical energy of ATP and reducing ability of NADPH are used to phosphorylate and reduce a 3-carbon compound (PGA) in the Calvin cycle. These two molecules (NADPH and ATP) are important to keep the Calvin cycle in place. Hence, the Calvin cycle is dependent on the light reaction and this two molecules link the two stages.
Answer:
Reduced reabsorption of salts and nutrients from the proximal tubule.
Explanation:
The proximal convoluted tubules are the site for reabsorption of the largest amount of solute and water from the filtered fluid. It reabsorbs 65% of water, electrolytes such as Na+ and K+, almost 100% of the filtered glucose and amino acids and other electrolytes such as Ca2+, Mg2+, etc.
The simple cuboidal epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule have a prominent brush border of microvilli on their apical surface. These microvilli serve to increase the surface area for reabsorption and secretion. Destruction of these microvilli would reduce the reabsorption of the above-mentioned salts and nutrients from proximal convoluted tubules.
Explanation:
A single nucleotide-pair substitution missense mutation causes a change of a single amino acid into another. Aa a result, the produced protein will have an almost normal sequence except for one amino acid.
On the other hand, a frameshift mutation changes the Open Reading Frame (ORF) of the ribosome. The ribosome moves along the mRNA every three nucleotides (codons) and translates them into amino acids that will form the nascent protein. If there is a frameshift mutation (an insertion or deletion of a number of nucleotides not multiple of three) the ribosome will "read" the mRNA differently and will identify different codons than the wild-type sequence, so a large number of amino acids will be different in the mutated protein.
