Answer:
True.
Explanation:
The bullwhip effect can be explained as an occurrence detected by the supply chain where orders sent to the manufacturer and supplier create larger variance then the sales to the end customer. These irregular orders in the lower part of the supply chain develop to be more distinct higher up in the supply chain. This variance can interrupt the smoothness of the supply chain process as each link in the supply chain will over or underestimate the product demand resulting in exaggerated fluctuations.
CAUSES
There are many factors said to cause or contribute to the bullwhip effect in supply chains; the following list names a few:
1. Disorganization between each supply chain link; with ordering larger or smaller amounts of a product than is needed due to an over or under reaction to the supply chain beforehand.
2. Lack of communication between each link in the supply chain makes it difficult for processes to run smoothly. Managers can perceive a product demand quite differently within different links of the supply chain and therefore order different quantities.
3. Free return policies; customers may intentionally overstate demands due to shortages and then cancel when the supply becomes adequate again, without return forfeit retailers will continue to exaggerate their needs and cancel orders; resulting in excess material.
4. Order batching; companies may not immediately place an order with their supplier; often accumulating the demand first. Companies may order weekly or even monthly. This creates variability in the demand as there may for instance be a surge in demand at some stage followed by no demand after.
6. Price variations – special discounts and other cost changes can upset regular buying patterns; buyers want to take advantage on discounts offered during a short time period, this can cause uneven production and distorted demand information.
7. Demand information – relying on past demand information to estimate current demand information of a product does not take into account any fluctuations that may occur in demand over a period of time.
Because of the fear of the communism in United States
Point out that your roommate has just experienced hindsight bias or the I knew it all along phenomenon.
Hindsight bias is the tendency to believe only after learning the outcome that one would have foreseen it beforehand. In simpler terms, hindsight bias is believing that you knew something only after you heard it or that you would've known it before hearing about it.
Hope this helps!
Answer: Option D
Explanation: In simple words, ordinary annuity refers to a fixed amount of payments made at the end of a specified period. The annuity in which the payment is made at the end of the period is called annuity due and not ordinary annuity.
For example- amount of periodic interest made on the bonds.
Hence from the above we can conclude that the correct option is D.
