Answer:
Antibiotic resistance can evolved in bacterial population in the following ways:
Explanation:
- In response to constant exposure to antibiotics some members of a bacterial population develop some beneficial mutations in some essential genes that gives them survival advantage in terms of food and space over the sensitive bacterial strains and hence they are capable of out-competing the sensitive bacteria.
- This happens due to the process of Natural Selection.
- These genes are called antibiotic resistance genes and bacteria usually carry them on plasmids in form of cassettes where genes resistant to multiple drugs are incorporated. These plasmids are called the MDR or Multi-Drug Resistance Plasmids.
- These resistant plasmids can be easily transferred among bacterial populations by conjugation, transformation or transduction or direct plasmid transfer.
- The resistant genes encode for proteins that render the drug ineffective by promoting their efflux from the cells, preventing their entry into the cell, chemically modifying them such that they become non-functional or altering the target site of the drug.
Answer:
Explanation:
a simple way to look it it is:
Hypertonic would be when the insides are shrunk (arrows point out)
Hypotonic when its full (Arrows point in)
Isotonic is at balance (arrows point out and in)
osmotic: the passage of a liquid through a membrane from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated one (equal concentrations)
Although I'm not sure which image I'm supposed to be describing, but hope it helps you figure out the answer
The two upper chambers are the atria or auricles. They are the left and right atriums
Answer:
1. It was a control variable
2. Type of insulation
3. Temperature
4. Plastic lids <em>or </em>Water <em>or </em>Half Full <em>or </em>Direct Sunlight
