Answer:
It is commonly said that there are only two guarantees in life — death and taxes — but what can be more taxing than the prospect of one’s own death? Ceasing to exist is an overwhelmingly terrifying thought and it is one which has plagued individuals for centuries. This ancient stressor has been addressed over time by a number of different religious explanations and affirmations. Arguably, this capacity to provide answers for fundamental questions is what defines religion. For instance, under Hindu belief one’s soul lives on after biological death and is reborn in a new body. Under Christian belief one can expect to live in a heavenly paradise once one’s time runs out on earth. These are just two examples, but the extension of the self beyond its physical expiration date is a common thread in religious texts.
These promises of new life and mystifying promise lands are not simply handed out to everyone, however. They require an individual to faithfully practice and participate in accordance to the demands of specific commandments, doctrines, rituals, or tenants. Furthermore, despite one’s own faith in the words of an ancient text, or the messages of a religious figure, an individual will remain exposed to the trials, tribulations, and discomforts that exist in the world. During these instances a theodicy — a religious explanation for such sufferings — can help keep one’s faith by providing justification as to why bad things happen to good, faithful people. Theodicy is an attempt to explain or justify the existence of bad things or instances that occur in the world, such as death, disaster, sickness, and suffering. Theodicies are especially relied on to provide reason as to why a religion’s God (or God-like equivalent) allows terrible things to happen to good people.
Explanation:
Answer: humanism which means also religious tolerance (Erasmus), protestant religious thinking (Luther, Melanchton, Calvin, Zwingly), renaissance utopian thought (Bacon, Thomas Moore), medicine-astrology-alchemy (Paracelsus), new science (new methodology which does not depend on ecclesiastical authorities like Aristotle and St. Thomas Aquinus but investigates nature ....Bacon: Novum Organon).
Explanation: Northern renaissance is much more inventive in terms of science and scientific metholodogy than the south. Universities are reformed.
He was excommunicated; he was no longer allowed to be a church member.
C: that the sun's gravity keeps the planets withing their orbits.
