<span>A hapten is one of Ruthie's symptoms that is an example of an innate defense mechanism. The hapten is a molecule which is small and it is not antigenic. The hapten also stimulates the process of production of antibodies in our own body.</span>
D. secondary
Two groups: primary and secondary
The primary groups has stronger and deeper relationships with its member/s than secondary groups, many of which are superficial gatherings and surface dealings.
Primary groups include:
1. Family
2. Lover
<span>3. Husband/Wife </span>
Secondary groups:
1. Colleagues
2. Classmates
3. Friends
<span>4. Acquaintance</span>
Half life is the time taken by a radioactive isotope to decay by half of its original mass. In this case the half life of carbon-14 is 5500 years.
The original mass is 30 g and the new mass is 3.75 g.
New mass = Original mass × (1/2)^n, where n is the number of half lives;
3.75 = 30 × (1/2)^n
1/8 = (1/2)^n
n = 3
Thus, the time taken will be; 3 × 5500 = 16500 years.
